Wednesday, April 27, 2022

Criminal Corporation Balfour Beatty Bribes Their Way Out Of Crimes Against US Military

Private Military Landlord Pleads Guilty, Must Pay $65 Million for Defrauding Air Force, Other Services

Balfour Beatty Communities, one of the largest providers of privatized military housing in the U.S., has pleaded guilty to defrauding the Air Force, Army, and Navy, the Justice Department announced Dec. 23.

Under the terms of the plea agreement, Balfour Beatty Communities has agreed to pay $65 million—$33.6 million in criminal fines and over $31.8 million in restitution—as a result of a federal investigation into its scheme to obtain performance bonuses by submitting false information to the military.

BBC will also be under probation and engage an independent compliance monitor for the next three years as part of the deal.

“The Air Force Office of Special Investigations is committed to protecting the integrity of the Department of the Air Force’s procurement process,” Special Agent Paul Wachsmuth, director of AFOSI’s Office of Procurement Fraud Investigations, said in a statement. “The extensive and dedicated collaborative efforts between AFOSI, the Air Force Audit Agency, Defense Criminal Investigative Service, and the Department of Justice in this investigation was paramount in ensuring the safety and well-being of our warfighters and their families.”

News of Balfour Beatty Communities’ issues were first reported in 2019. At the time, Air Force leaders noted “unacceptable” conditions at Tinker Air Force Base, Okla., and the 20 other USAF installations where Balfour Beatty had communities. Sen. Jim Inhofe (R-Okla.) said the company’s homes did not meet fire safety codes and had mold, rodents, pests, radon gas, and other defects.

Soon after, a Reuters and CBS News investigation detailed how Balfour Beatty Communities maintained two sets of maintenance records at some bases—one detailing issues of mold, asbestos, and leaks that were not promptly fixed; and another set of falsified accounts of quick repairs that allowed the company to collect bonuses from the Pentagon.

On Dec. 23, the Justice Department confirmed that “BBC employees altered or manipulated data in property management software and destroyed and falsified resident comment cards to falsely inflate … metrics and, ultimately, to fraudulently induce the service branches to pay performance incentive fees which BBC had not earned.”

The media reports were followed by a Congressional hearing where lawmakers grilled a Balfour Beatty Communities official, who promised to refund the performance bonuses if the Air Force investigation substantiated the report of fraud.

Just over a month after that hearing, federal agents searched the office of BBC at Tinker. Shortly after that, then-Defense Secretary Mark Esper and the service secretaries signed the Military Housing Privatization Initiative Tenant Bill of Rights, aimed at protecting service members and families in private military housing.

A Balfour Beatty official testified to Congress in March 2021 the company undertook “a significant reorganization,” firing employees and improving its training after the scandal, and that it was on track to meet the requirements in that Tenant Bill of Rights.

Two former Balfour Beatty managers previously pleaded guilty to fraud for their roles in the scandal: Rick Cunefare, who directly supervised Balfour Beatty’s community managers overseeing day-to-day operations for the company’s housing at Lackland, Travis, Vandenberg, Tinker, and Fairchild Air Force Bases; and Stacy M. Cabrera, a community manager at Lackland.

Op Ed: Guess what folks, none of the criminals at Balfour Beatty were ever arrested. When it comes to crimes committed buy corporate thugs, paying a fine is nothing more than a bribe. Corporate gangsters deserve long prison sentences or death.

Traitorous Putin Loyalist Rand Paul Rootin For Putin

 Morgan Watkins, Louisville Courier Journal

Sen. Rand Paul got flak Tuesday for his comments on the Russian invasion of Ukraine, with some people criticizing him for echoing one of Russian President Vladimir Putin's talking points.

During an exchange with Secretary of State Antony Blinken, Paul pointed out that Russia's attacks, in the recent past, have been on countries that were once part of the Soviet Union.

Putin has publicly dismissed Ukraine's right to function as a sovereign nation separate from Russia.

The Kentucky Republican's comments came during a Senate hearing with Blinken, during which Paul raised concerns about U.S. displays of support for Ukraine potentially joining the NATO military alliance, including during former President George W. Bush and President Joe Biden's administrations.

He asked Blinken: "Knowing full well that Ukraine was unlikely to ever join NATO since it had already been 14 years since they said they were going to become members, why was it so important last fall — before this invasion — to continue agitating for Ukraine's admission to NATO?"

More: Sen. Rand Paul backs new Emmett Till Antilynching Act, after holding up the old one

Blinken responded: "It's a question of standing up for the basic principle, that we strongly adhere to, that there should be and will be an open-door policy when it comes to NATO membership."

Paul, who repeatedly has opposed U.S. military involvement in other countries during his political career, questioned the decision to push for "something that we knew our adversary (Russia) absolutely hated and said was a red line."

"Now, there is no justification to the invasion. I'm not saying that. But there are reasons for the invasion," said Paul, who later added he's "proud of how well the Ukrainians have fought" and is supportive of their cause.

Sen. Rand Paul makes an appearance in Louisville on Dec. 6, 2021 to honor the founders of Phocus, a maker of sparkling water energy drinks, as part of Small Business of the week.
Sen. Rand Paul makes an appearance in Louisville on Dec. 6, 2021 to honor the founders of Phocus, a maker of sparkling water energy drinks, as part of Small Business of the week.

When Blinken noted Russia has, in the recent past, attacked countries that weren't members of NATO — specifically Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova — Paul countered with: "You could also argue the countries they've attacked were part of Russia, or part of the Soviet Union, rather."

Blinken said he disagreed with that proposition, adding: "It is the fundamental right of these countries to decide their own future and their own destiny."

Simil: Rand Paul delayed the historic Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson vote, and people were not happy

"I'm not saying it's not," Paul responded. "But I'm saying that the countries that have been attacked, Georgia and Ukraine, were part of the Soviet Union..."

Blinken jumped in: "That does not give Russia the right to attack them..."

"No one's saying it does," Paul interjected.

Blinken continued: " …When everything came to a head, it is abundantly clear, in President Putin's own words, that this was never about Ukraine being potentially part of NATO, and it was always about his belief that Ukraine does not deserve to be a sovereign, independent country."

Related: Only one lawmaker voted against all recent legislation aimed at Russia. He's from Kentucky

Blowback was swift on Paul's comments

Paul's exchange with Blinken was quickly met with disapproval online, including in a critical Rolling Stone article about his comments and tweets by figures like Alexander Vindman, a former National Security Council staffer whose testimony was a key part of former President Donald Trump's first impeachment.

"Paul implies that Russia is justified in attacking Ukraine because, UKR was once part of the USSR. By that logic Britain is justified in attacking the U.S. and colonial powers their former holdings. What century does he live in?" Vindman tweeted Tuesday afternoon.

Rep. Adam Kinzinger, R-Ill., shared a video of Paul's exchange with Blinken and commented: "Rand Paul truly is ridiculous."

Charles Booker, a well-known Kentucky Democrat who hopes to defeat Paul in the fall election, also criticized the senator's statements Tuesday and asked for campaign donations to help boot him out of office.

"Rand Paul just attempted to justify Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. He is actively pushing Putin’s propaganda in the Senate, and I will remove him from office in November," Booker tweeted.

Paul's office did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Morgan Watkins is The Courier Journal's chief political reporter. Contact her at mwatkins@courierjournal.com. Follow her on Twitter: @morganwatkins26.

This article originally appeared on Louisville Courier Journal: Kentucky Sen. Rand Paul criticized over Russian invasion comments

Monday, April 25, 2022

Trump And His Mob Are Dangerous: Lock Em Up and Execute Some

 SOFTNESS TO TRAITORS WILL DESTROY US ALL!


The Covid Pandemic Was Really A Greed Inspired Holocaust

  2020 Oct; 81(4): 625–633.

Published online 2020 Aug 12. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.013
PMCID: PMC7419263
PMID: 32795481

Impact of Routine Infant BCG Vaccination on COVID-19

Abstract

Objectives

In Japan, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was diagnosed on January 15, 2020 and subsequent infections rapidly increased. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination program is the principal element of tuberculosis control in Japan. We investigated the impact of routine infant BCG vaccination on prevention of local COVID-19 spread.

Methods

Data on the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, annual routine infant BCG vaccine coverage (represented by the number of BCG vaccinations per live births), and other candidate factors in each prefecture were obtained from the official notifications database in Japan. We analysed the association of vaccine coverage with the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Results

The BCG vaccine coverage in 1999–2002, 2004, and 2012 in five prefectures with no COVID-19 infections was significantly higher than that in five prefectures with a high prevalence of infections (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.05). The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was significantly negatively correlated with BCG vaccine coverage in 2004 and was significantly positively correlated with age groups 20–34 and 40–54 years (Spearman's rank correlation, p<0.01).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that routine infant BCG vaccination coverage in young generation had a significant impact on prevention of local COVID-19 spread in Japan.

Key words: Coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination, BCG, Prevention

Introduction

In Japan, the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was diagnosed in Kanagawa Prefecture on January 15, 2020. Because of an explosive increase in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections since late March, the Japanese Prime Minister declared a state of emergency for seven prefectures on April 7 and for the whole country on April 16. Japan lifted its nationwide state of emergency on May 25, 2020. The cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in Japan had topped 16,623 (13.1 per 100,000 population) on that date; however, this figure was much lower than that in Western countries.

Based on the possible effect of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to prevent nonspecific infections other than tuberculosis, several clinical trials have been initiated with the aim to protect health care personnel and older people from COVID-19 infection. ,  Japanese bacteriologist Kiyoshi Shiga introduced BCG to Japan in 1924. The 172nd passage from the first culture is the origin of the Japanese routine infant BCG vaccine (Tokyo-172). The BCG vaccination program has been the principal element in tuberculosis control in Japan for more than 70 years.

Here, we investigated the degree of impact of BCG vaccination on local prevalence of patients with COVID-19 infection, SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction-positive (PCR+) individuals, and deaths owing to COVID-19 in prefectures of Japan. Data on the number of BCG vaccinations, number of live births, and other candidate factors in each prefecture were obtained from the official notifications database of the Japanese government.

Materials and methods

Prevalence of patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals, and deaths in each prefecture

Anonymous data on the number of patients with COVID-19 from January 15 to March 29, 2020, and thereafter the number of SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals and the number of deaths owing to COVID-19 among Japanese residents in each prefecture were obtained from official notification records of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. Data on March 29, April 24, and May 1, 2020 were used. Passengers aboard the Diamond Princess cruise ship anchored in Yokohama were not included. Crude SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in each prefecture was calculated as the number of patients/PCR+ individuals divided by the number of individuals in each prefecture in 2018, estimated using the results of the national census in 2010 and in 2015 taken by the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan.

BCG vaccination

Information on the annual number of routine infant BCG vaccinations in each prefecture from 1998 to 2017 was obtained from the Report on Regional Public Health Services and Health Promotion Services, and the annual number of live births in each prefecture in the same year was obtained from the latest version of the Vital Statistics; their ratio was used as a surrogate for BCG vaccine coverage. These surveys were conducted by the Vital, Health and Social Statistics Office, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.

Other factors

We investigated other candidate factors related to the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The number of days from diagnosis of the first patient with COVID-19 infection in each prefecture up to March 29, 2020 was obtained from official notification records. The elderly population in 2018 and the population by 5-year age groups in 2019 in each prefecture was calculated based on official population estimates. The populations that migrated to and from each prefecture in 2018 was obtained from the annual report on internal migration in Japan derived from the basic resident registration; inhabitable area was calculated using data of the Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. The ratio of day- to night-time population, ratio of households of 5 individuals or more to entire households, and ratio of workers in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of industry to entire working population were obtained from results of the national census in 2015.

Statistical analyses

The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test revealed that the variables did not have a normal distribution. Therefore we performed non-parametric analyses to compare annual BCG vaccine coverage among prefectures and to examine the correlation of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence with BCG vaccine coverage and other related factors. The significance level was set at p = 0.05 for group comparisons and p = 0.01 for correlation analyses. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16.0 J (IBM Japan, Tokyo, Japan).

Results

Table 1 depicts the prevalence of patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals, and deaths owing to COVID-19 in each prefecture. The prevalence of COVID-19 varied widely among the 47 prefectures. On March 29, no infections were detected in five prefectures (Iwate, Yamagata, Toyama, Tottori, and Shimane), whereas 33.30 individuals/million were diagnosed in Hokkaido. On April 24 and May 1, only Iwate had no infections. PCR+ individuals were the most prevalent in Tokyo on May 1 (298.08 individuals/million). The mortality rate was high in Fukui, Gunma, and Ishikawa prefectures (9.04, 7.68, and 5.25 deaths/million, respectively). The case fatality rate was high in Gunma, Aichi, and Ehime prefectures (10.27, 6.38, and 6.38 deaths/PCR+ individuals (%)).

Table 1

Prevalence of patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals, and deaths in each prefecture.

Prevalence (per million)
Deaths/PCR+ (%)
Patients with COVID-19 on Mar 29PCR+ on Apr 24Deaths on Apr 24PCR+ on May 1Deaths on May 1On Apr 24On May 1
All Japan14.3999.571.95108.992.281.962.09

Hokkaido33.30106.324.73137.344.924.453.58
Aomori5.5417.42020.59000
Iwate00000
Miyagi0.8636.27038.00000
Akita4.0816.31016.31000
Yamagata060.55062.39000
Fukushima1.0735.41038.63000
Ibaraki5.5654.572.0956.312.093.823.70
Tochigi6.1727.24027.75000
Gunma9.2271.724.6174.807.686.4310.27
Saitama11.32104.642.05115.012.051.961.78
Chiba25.58122.782.88128.863.682.342.85
Tokyo31.54271.091.37298.081.370.510.46
Kanagawa11.6699.382.62109.193.382.633.09
Niigata13.8028.94033.39000
Toyama0155.242.86180.952.861.841.58
Ishikawa7.87194.234.37218.725.252.252.40
Fukui16.80155.046.46157.629.044.175.74
Yamanashi4.9062.42063.65000
Nagano3.8832.48031.99000
Gifu10.5273.113.5173.113.514.794.79
Shizuoka1.0916.12018.58000
Aichi22.1662.893.9864.484.116.336.38
Mie5.0325.130.5625.130.562.222.22
Shiga4.2565.860.7167.990.711.081.04
Kyoto17.75110.382.70121.963.472.452.85
Osaka23.71164.302.84181.444.201.732.31
Hyogo24.07110.323.10117.073.102.812.65
Nara8.2256.760.7561.240.751.321.22
Wakayama18.1855.611.0764.172.141.923.33
Tottori05.3605.36000
Shimane023.53033.82000
Okayama1.5810.54012.12000
Hiroshima2.1350.410.3554.310.350.700.65
Yamaguchi4.3822.63023.36000
Tokushima1.366.7906.79000
Kagawa1.0429.11029.11000
Ehime2.9634.762.2234.762.226.386.38
Kochi19.83100.572.83104.824.252.824.05
Fukuoka4.31114.352.94125.123.332.572.66
Saga1.2239.07046.40000
Nagasaki1.4911.930.7512.680.756.255.88
Kumamoto5.6924.470.5726.750.572.332.13
Oita24.4852.450.8752.450.871.671.67
Miyazaki2.7815.73015.73000
Kagoshima0.626.2006.20000
Okinawa5.5291.852.7697.382.763.012.84

The annual change in routine infant BCG vaccine coverage is shown in Fig. 1 and Table 2 . BCG vaccine coverage was relatively low and variable among prefectures between 1999 and 2002. In eight prefectures coverage was less than 50%, and in Tokyo and Kanagawa less than 30% of the live births. In 2004, in accordance with the national policy on improving tuberculosis prevention and change in the target age of vaccination, the nationwide BCG vaccine coverage was 1.179 and that of Iwate was as high as 1.469. In 2006 and thereafter, the vaccine coverage was more than 50%, except for 42% in Miyagi in 2010. The vaccination coverage gradually stabilized, with all prefectures maintaining a greater than 90% coverage rate since 2013.

Fig 1

Annual change in routine infant BCG vaccine coverage. Top: Change in annual number of routine infant BCG vaccines (grey squares) and live births (black diamonds). The number of live births has gradually decreased over the last 20 years. The number of BCG vaccines has fluctuated according to changes in the routine vaccination system. Bottom: Annual change in routine infant BCG vaccine coverage, represented by the number of BCG vaccines per number of live births. *p<0.05, Mann–Whitney U test. aCOVID-19 prevalence on March 29 (patients per million).

Table 2

Routine infant BCG coverage in each prefecture, 1998–2007.

Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007
All Japan0.9651.0050.9480.9690.9740.9691.1790.9360.8951.000

Hokkaido0.9320.6490.5520.5280.500*0.9531.0990.9530.8280.984
Aomori0.9731.0080.9290.8810.9671.0141.4620.6130.8300.990
Iwate0.9701.0360.9660.9891.0240.9971.4690.4720.7220.991
Miyagi0.9270.5220.4630.4600.5290.7931.1860.8600.9200.978
Akita1.0100.7520.6820.6560.5951.0411.4231.0020.9770.999
Yamagata0.9910.9501.0221.0001.0391.0461.2091.0340.9860.995
Fukushima0.9190.6810.6190.6980.6211.0151.2701.0240.9750.991
Ibaraki0.8490.9810.9660.9030.9760.9481.2491.0150.8061.004
Tochigi0.9590.7770.7190.7060.7570.9951.3820.9700.8470.965
Gunma0.9761.0721.0060.9071.0340.9051.2260.8640.6751.022
Saitama0.9371.0000.9010.9690.8250.9821.1461.0360.7680.953
Chiba0.9280.8350.7780.7360.7311.0031.1690.8620.8600.978
Tokyo0.9450.3360.2890.3420.2850.9230.9520.8980.9260.950
Kanagawa0.9820.4250.4150.2900.2960.9991.0240.9730.9261.000
Niigata1.0020.7940.8250.7730.7640.8821.1840.9960.9380.995
Toyama0.8910.7010.6680.7120.6931.0441.3991.9080.9160.916
Ishikawa1.0240.6790.5690.5960.5990.9891.0801.0400.9911.058
Fukui0.9911.0600.9811.0001.0151.0221.4620.9600.6341.009
Yamanashi0.9790.9990.8860.9480.8440.9561.0791.0060.8240.913
Nagano0.9900.8530.7790.8020.8471.0111.4830.8920.8570.985
Gifu0.9000.8320.7040.8000.7980.7191.0250.8090.7510.988
Shizuoka0.9790.6690.7340.7440.7031.0191.2410.9901.0040.988
Aichi0.9960.6310.6000.6110.6321.0431.1880.9790.9801.005
Mie1.0131.0970.9901.0060.9991.0421.2400.9970.7021.003
Shiga1.0370.9781.0280.9601.0051.0371.3280.8120.9100.990
Kyoto1.0020.3320.4280.4680.4580.9921.1750.9470.9381.425
Osaka0.9650.6140.5460.5190.5480.9231.0990.8530.8780.961
Hyogo1.0060.6810.6500.4930.4691.0161.1461.0000.9021.010
Nara0.9600.9200.9631.0020.7400.9961.2701.0130.9320.985
Wakayama0.9700.6550.5510.6250.6270.9711.2010.9701.3010.966
Tottori1.0141.1490.9300.6501.0090.6571.1951.0270.9800.880
Shimane0.9561.0370.9311.0230.9821.0711.3861.0071.1040.972
Okayama0.9020.6360.4630.3660.3661.0151.2200.8950.9500.985
Hiroshima0.9880.4150.4130.3360.3120.9321.1230.9581.0160.945
Yamaguchi0.9851.0220.9390.8420.8501.0031.1581.0030.9100.991
Tokushima0.6780.9980.9561.0380.9761.0381.3890.9170.9430.967
Kagawa0.9180.6050.5420.6210.6020.8361.3411.0160.9790.919
Ehime0.9971.1110.6490.6410.6461.0531.2491.0390.9910.987
Kochi1.0840.5290.5050.5040.5221.0151.2230.9380.8110.988
Fukuoka0.9850.5280.4460.3720.5150.8541.1950.7510.7721.252
Saga1.0201.0580.9660.9841.0180.9131.2771.1470.9770.990
Nagasaki0.9640.8020.7290.5450.5530.9301.2530.9900.9500.990
Kumamoto0.9930.5760.5450.5430.5821.0261.4010.9940.9450.972
Oita0.9440.6940.4730.4220.6811.0091.2750.5010.9680.960
Miyazaki0.9870.7190.6720.6560.6830.9871.3160.8050.8670.950
Kagoshima1.1480.6840.6550.6850.6631.0791.3870.9720.9510.978
Okinawa0.9270.8850.9260.9250.9321.0161.4510.8800.9630.967

Average0.9680.7870.7220.7080.7190.9731.2490.9490.9060.993

Bold indicate values <0.5, and bold italics indicate <0.3. *0.4997 before rounding.

Fig. 1 shows a comparison of annual BCG vaccine coverage among the five prefectures with no COVID-19 infections and the top five prefectures with the highest COVID-19 prevalence (Hokkaido, Tokyo, Chiba, Oita, and Hyogo) on March 29, 2020. In 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, and 2012, the BCG vaccine coverage of the five prefectures with no infections was significantly higher than that of the prefectures with a high prevalence of COVID-19 infections (p<0.05). Prior to 2005, the target age of vaccination was less than 4 years old; therefore, the vaccine coverage in 1999 was actually relevant to the generation born between 1995 and 1999.

The prevalence of patients with COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals, and deaths owing to COVID-19 showed a significant negative correlation with BCG vaccine coverage in 2004, ratio of the elderly population (age 65 years or more), and the primary sector of industry, and a significant positive correlation to days from diagnosis of the first patient with COVID-19 to March 29 (p<0.01) (Fig. 2 , Table 3 ). Because the elderly population showed an inverse association with prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, additional correlation analyses by age group were performed. A significant positive correlation was shown between the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and age groups 20–34 and 40–54 years (Fig. 3 ). As for occupation, workers in the tertiary sector of industry were significantly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a positive manner (Fig. 3) (Table 3).

Fig 2

Correlation between COVID-19 prevalence and related factors. Scatter plot of COVID-19 prevalence (ordinate) against related factors (abscissa). Prevalence of (a) patients with COVID-19 on March 29, (b) SARS-CoV-2 PCR+ individuals on April 24, and (c) deaths on April 24 showed significant negative correlation with BCG vaccine coverage in 2004, the population age 65 years or more, and workers in the primary sector of industry; and significant positive correlation with days from the first patient diagnosis with COVID-19 up to March 29. Dotted squares indicate significant correlation (Spearman's rank correlation, p<0.01). Regression lines are shown for reference.

Table 3

Correlation coefficient (Spearman's ρ) between SARS-CoV-2 infection and related factors.

Prevalence (per million)
Deaths/PCR+ (%)
Patients with COVID-19 on Mar 29PCR+ on Apr 24Deaths on Apr 24PCR+ on May 1Deaths on May 1On Apr 24On May 1
BCG vaccine coverage (ratio)
19980.028−0.047−0.021−0.0620.0160.0000.006
1999−0.274−0.306*−0.189−0.303*−0.217−0.064−0.079
2000−0.271−0.254−0.205−0.254−0.230−0.115−0.133
2001−0.299*−0.223−0.254−0.219−0.276−0.196−0.208
2002−0.324*−0.268−0.254−0.268−0.273−0.185−0.188
2003−0.175−0.162−0.073−0.156−0.083−0.031−0.054
2004−0.460**−0.489**−0.366**−0.497**−0.381**−0.245−0.264
2005−0.278−0.025−0.121−0.015−0.140−0.116−0.141
2006−0.332*−0.261−0.298*−0.230−0.285−0.300*−0.272
20070.1830.161−0.305*0.1510.303*−0.374*0.361*
20080.0140.1000.1120.1100.0940.0840.080
2009−0.100−0.037−0.08−0.036−0.052−0.160−0.112
20100.033−0.0760.011−0.0720.0090.0450.020
20110.1320.2100.2660.1990.2430.2200.235
2012−0.1040.1310.0790.1210.0690.0130.027
2013−0.154−0.036−0.207−0.048−0.215−0.196−0.215
2014−0.107−0.074−0.244−0.089−0.259−0.205−0.228
20150.0890.1370.2170.1270.1950.2010.213
20160.0350.1100.0460.1110.0240.0250.032
20170.2070.1210.1640.1240.1500.1570.169
Inhabitable area (km2)−0.003−0.162−0.098−0.160−0.148−0.039−0.085
Age (ratio,%)
65 years or more−0.382**−0.537**−0.436**−0.519**−0.413**−0.340*−0.302*
0–4 years−0.0480.0680.1360.0660.1020.1290.083
5–9 years−0.148−0.1090.073−0.1130.0330.1480.102
10–14 years−0.209−0.1230.037−0.138−0.0160.1090.063
15–19 years0.0050.2150.2200.1950.1800.1830.164
20–24 years0.505**0.678**0.551**0.663**0.539**0.383**0.363*
25–29 years0.430**0.562**0.462**0.549**0.445**0.345*0.307*
30–34 years0.300*0.471**0.375**0.464**0.356*0.2840.243
35–39 years0.2100.321*0.2310.314*0.2050.1600.113
40–44 years0.383**0.613**0.504**0.599**0.485**0.344*0.317*
45–49 years0.501**0.654**0.553**0.643**0.550**0.390**0.397**
50–54 years0.546**0.512**0.400**0.503**0.399**0.308*0.318*
55–59 years−0.185−0.359*−0.358*−0.349*−0.349*−0.206−0.187
60–64 years−0.493**−0.665**−0.580**−0.656**−0.574**−0.405**−0.403**
65–69 years−0.435**−0.618**−0.526**−0.602**−0.522**−0.381**−0.373*
70–74 years−0.085−0.229−0.084−0.218−0.065−0.107−0.069
75–79 years0.146−0.0550.030−0.0590.0680.0270.087
80–84 years−0.337*−0.579**−0.475**−0.561**−0.450**−0.364*−0.328*
85 years or more−0.492**−0.593**−0.509**−0.581**−0.483**−0.407**−0.383**
Household with 5 or more members (ratio)−0.489**−0.252−0.323*−0.250−0.367*−0.296*−0.323*
Day/night population (ratio)−0.1300.081−0.0080.0940.012−0.103−0.097
Days 1st diagnosis - Mar 290.606**0.533**0.432**0.533**0.452**0.2910.298
Inward population (ratio)0.370*0.642**0.507**0.638**0.486**0.339*0.300*
Industry worker (%)
Primary sector−0.466**−0.684**−0.579**−0.672**−0.553**−0.402**−0.383**
Secondary sector−0.1360.032−0.0110.016−0.047−0.059−0.067
Tertiary sector0.400**0.374**0.385**0.383**0.404**0.316*0.309*

*p<0.05, **p<0.01.

Fig 3

Correlation between prevalence of patients with COVID-19 on March 29 and related factors. Scatter plot of the prevalence of patients with COVID-19 (ordinate) against related factors (abscissa). (A) Significant positive correlation of age groups 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 40–44, 45–49 and 50–54 years with COVID-19 prevalence. (B) Workers in the tertiary sector of industry were significantly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a positive manner. Dotted squares indicate significant correlation (Spearman's rank correlation, p<0.01). Regression lines are shown for reference.

Discussion

In this study, we evaluated the relationship between BCG vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection in Japanese patients with COVID-19 infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an impact of routine infant BCG vaccine coverage among younger people, especially those born between 1995 and 2004, on local COVID-19 spread in Japan. The current data are in accordance with the concept of silent spreaders in which asymptomatic or mild cases have a substantial role in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, our study findings suggest that infant BCG vaccination has a protective effect against mass infection.

Diagnosis of COVID-19 was made based upon the Infectious Disease Surveillance System in Japan, in accord with the Act on the Prevention of Infectious Diseases and Medical Care for Patients with Infectious Diseases (the Infectious Diseases Control Law). Because in principle, the Act is applicable to individuals with flulike symptoms such as fever, cough, and fatigue, which are suggestive of SARS-CoV-2 infection, all patients officially notified on March 29 were symptomatic. Along with the disease spread, the Act has been applied to asymptomatic ones; the number of official notifications thereafter included PCR+ individuals both with and without clinical symptoms. The number of PCR+ individuals is lower than the actual number because of limited PCR testing in Japan; however, considering the relatively good correlation between the prevalence of PCR+ individuals and the PCR positivity rate, this likely has little involvement in nonparametric analyses (Table 4 ). Nevertheless, this difference may cause inconsistent results for the case fatality rate among prefectures.

Table 4

Prevalence of PCR+ individuals (descending order), number of PCR tests conducted, and positivity rate on April 24 in each prefecture.

(A) Prevalence of PCR+ (per million)(B) Number of PCR testing (per million)(C) Positivity ratio (%)
Tokyo271.09710.9738.10
Ishikawa194.231245.8415.60
Osaka164.30782.3719.20
Toyama155.241795.248.60
Fukui155.041696.389.10
Chiba122.78780.0214.80
Fukuoka114.351559.237.30
Kyoto110.381394.837.90
Hyogo110.321178.529.40
Hokkaido106.321014.3810.50
Saitama104.64803.4113.00
Kochi100.571832.865.50
Kanagawa99.38553.0116.60
Okinawa91.851184.397.80
Gifu73.111137.716.40
Gunma71.721246.935.80
Shiga65.86808.078.20
Aichi62.89832.167.60
Yamanashi62.422352.512.70
Yamagata60.551786.243.40
Nara56.76876.036.50
Wakayama55.612701.602.10
Ibaraki54.571401.113.90
Oita52.452543.712.10
Hiroshima50.411504.793.30
Saga39.07868.134.50
Miyagi36.27677.035.40
Fukushima35.41761.804.60
Ehime34.76741.124.70
Nagano32.48750.364.30
Kagawa29.111483.372.00
Niigata28.941109.082.60
Tochigi27.24859.713.20
Mie25.13922.952.70
Kumamoto24.471492.891.60
Shimane23.531102.942.10
Yamaguchi22.63888.322.50
Aomori17.42409.344.30
Akita16.31801.222.00
Shizuoka16.12646.622.50
Miyazaki15.73934.321.70
Nagasaki11.931288.590.90
Okayama10.54548.471.90
Tokushima6.79524.461.30
Kagoshima6.20687.110.90
Tottori5.361658.930.30
Iwate0.00225.620.00

Spearman's rank correlation between (A) and (B): ρ=0.320, p<0.05, between (A) and (C): ρ=0.912, p<0.001.

The significant negative correlation between COVID-19 infection and the population age 65 years and over suggests that in Japan, this population is irrelevant to disease spread. In contrast, the case fatality rate is high among those age 70 years or older (Fig. 4 ). Acute respiratory distress syndrome subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection is attributable to a high level of inflammatory cytokines, which increase with age, especially in men. ,  BCG vaccination induces trained immunity that enhances host defence mechanisms against nonspecific pathogens. BCG-vaccinated neonates (BCG-Denmark 0.05 mL intradermally within 10 days of birth) showed increased interleukin 6 in an unstimulated state but decreased production of interleukins and chemokines following stimulation with pathogens. This efficacy possibly contributed to the protection against SARS-CoV-2 spread, infection, and mortality in communities with high BCG vaccine coverage among younger people. In Japan, routine BCG vaccination has been the principal element in tuberculosis control. The incidence of tuberculosis in Japan has drastically decreased from 698.4 in 1951 to 17.7 per 100,000 in 2011. After the introduction of BCG to the country in 1924, data on tuberculosis prevention and adverse event profiles had been accumulated mainly among young nurses or students. Group BCG vaccination commenced in 1946 for young people in their teens and 20 s, and in 1949 for all citizens younger than 30 years old; vaccination was repeated each year until positive tuberculin skin test result was obtained. ,  In 1949, a freeze-dried BCG vaccine that passed quality control assays replaced the previous liquid form. A multiple puncture method was adopted in 1967, to avoid adverse skin reactions to intradermal vaccination. ,  ,  In 1974, the timing of routine infant vaccination was set at less than 4 years old, followed by revaccination twice during the first year of elementary school and during the first or second year of junior high school after tuberculin skin test screening. In 1999, a state of emergency concerning tuberculosis was declared because gradual mitigation of tuberculosis prevention measures during previous periods brought about a resurgence of newly infected patients. In 2003, revaccination was abandoned because of insufficient evidence of efficacy. The target age of routine infant BCG vaccination was set at younger than 6 months old in 2005 and then at 1 year old in 2013. High COVID-19 mortality among elderly people may be owing to a lack of benefit received from immunization as routine BCG vaccination for infants using qualified freeze-dried BCG commenced in 1949, and BCG vaccination was not administered in those with a positive tuberculin skin test. Current younger generations born in the late 1990s and early 2000s, before establishment of the reinforced tuberculosis control system, have relatively low BCG vaccine coverage. It is possible that their parents, age around 50 years (considering mean age of the mother at the first childbirth was 28 years old in 2000), represent the significant positive correlation with COVID-19 infection in these age groups.

Fig 4

Number of PCR+ individuals (top), seriously ill patients and deaths owing to COVID-19 (middle), and their proportions (bottom) in each age group on May 1. A drastic increase in case fatality rate was observed with age, especially among individuals age 70 years or older. Shaded squares show age groups born before commencement of routine BCG vaccination for infants using qualified freeze-dried BCG.

Several studies have compared the incidence and severity of COVID-19 among countries with different BCG vaccination policies and found a protective effect of universal BCG vaccination, especially during the past 15 years, and high vaccination coverage in young people under 25 years of age. A cohort study in Rhode Island in the United States also demonstrated the potential of BCG in preventing severe COVID-19 requiring hospitalization; these findings are in accord with those of the present study. Two within-country studies from Israel and Germany failed to demonstrate the relevance of BCG vaccination to COVID-19 prevention; however, those studies do not contradict our study findings considering that universal immunization was discontinued in these countries in 1982 and 1990, respectively, and that the number of asymptomatic silent spreaders could not be evaluated. , 

Conclusions

In summary, the current study demonstrated that routine infant BCG vaccine coverage in young people showed a protective effect against local COVID-19 spread in Japan. The possible relevance of infant BCG vaccination to high mortality among elderly patients with COVID-19 should be elucidated.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Declaration of Competing Interest

None.

Acknowledgments

We thank Analisa Avila, ELS, of Edanz Group (https://en-author-services.edanzgroup.com/ac) for editing a draft of this manuscript.

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